Grey and brown methanol refer to methanol produced from different sources or processes, with the distinction often relating to the carbon footprint or environmental impact associated with their production.
Grey methanol is typically produced from fossil fuels, such as natural gas or coal, without capturing or offsetting the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated during the production process. This is the most common method for producing methanol and is widely used across the globe due to the availability and economic feasibility of fossil fuel resources. However, the environmental impact, including the release of a significant amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, is a major concern.
Brown methanol could refer to methanol produced specifically from coal through a process known as coal gasification. Coal gasification involves converting coal into syngas (a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and CO2) and then synthesizing the syngas into methanol. This process is more carbon-intensive than producing methanol from natural gas, thus making brown methanol even less environmentally friendly due to higher CO2 emissions and other pollutants associated with coal extraction and processing.
The global Grey and Brown Methanol market size was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2030 with a CAGR of %during review period.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Grey and Brown Methanol market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2024, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Grey and Brown Methanol market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Kilotons), and average selling prices (US$/Ton), 2019-2030
Global Grey and Brown Methanol market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Kilotons), and average selling prices (US$/Ton), 2019-2030
Global Grey and Brown Methanol market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Kilotons), and average selling prices (US$/Ton), 2019-2030
Global Grey and Brown Methanol market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (Kilotons), and ASP (US$/Ton), 2019-2024
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Grey and Brown Methanol
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Grey and Brown Methanol market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Methanex, Proman, Saudi Aramco, CHN Energy, China Coal Group, SDEG, Baofeng Energy, Shanghai Huayi, Fund Energy, ZPC, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Grey and Brown Methanol market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2019-2030, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Grey Methanol
Brown Methanol
Market segment by Application
Chemical Industry
Alternative Fuels
Others
Major players covered
Methanex
Proman
Saudi Aramco
CHN Energy
China Coal Group
SDEG
Baofeng Energy
Shanghai Huayi
Fund Energy
ZPC
Sinopec
Kaveh
Petronas
OCI
PCEC
Jiutai Energy Group
LyondellBasell
Koch
Sipchem
Guanghui Energy
Metafrax
AMPCO
Gazprom
Equinor
BMC
KMI
Celanese
KPC
TotalEnergies
Chemanol
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Grey and Brown Methanol product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Grey and Brown Methanol, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Grey and Brown Methanol from 2019 to 2024.
Chapter 3, the Grey and Brown Methanol competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Grey and Brown Methanol breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2019 to 2030.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2019 to 2030.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2019 to 2024.and Grey and Brown Methanol market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2025 to 2030.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Grey and Brown Methanol.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Grey and Brown Methanol sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.
Please Note - This is an on demand report and will be delivered in 2 business days (48 Hours) post payment.
1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope
1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
1.3 Market Analysis by Type
1.3.1 Overview: Global Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value by Type: 2019 Versus 2023 Versus 2030
1.3.2 Grey Methanol
1.3.3 Brown Methanol
1.4 Market Analysis by Application
1.4.1 Overview: Global Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value by Application: 2019 Versus 2023 Versus 2030
1.4.2 Chemical Industry
1.4.3 Alternative Fuels
1.4.4 Others
1.5 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Market Size & Forecast
1.5.1 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value (2019 & 2023 & 2030)
1.5.2 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity (2019-2030)
1.5.3 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Average Price (2019-2030)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 Methanex
2.1.1 Methanex Details
2.1.2 Methanex Major Business
2.1.3 Methanex Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.1.4 Methanex Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.1.5 Methanex Recent Developments/Updates
2.2 Proman
2.2.1 Proman Details
2.2.2 Proman Major Business
2.2.3 Proman Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.2.4 Proman Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.2.5 Proman Recent Developments/Updates
2.3 Saudi Aramco
2.3.1 Saudi Aramco Details
2.3.2 Saudi Aramco Major Business
2.3.3 Saudi Aramco Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.3.4 Saudi Aramco Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.3.5 Saudi Aramco Recent Developments/Updates
2.4 CHN Energy
2.4.1 CHN Energy Details
2.4.2 CHN Energy Major Business
2.4.3 CHN Energy Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.4.4 CHN Energy Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.4.5 CHN Energy Recent Developments/Updates
2.5 China Coal Group
2.5.1 China Coal Group Details
2.5.2 China Coal Group Major Business
2.5.3 China Coal Group Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.5.4 China Coal Group Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.5.5 China Coal Group Recent Developments/Updates
2.6 SDEG
2.6.1 SDEG Details
2.6.2 SDEG Major Business
2.6.3 SDEG Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.6.4 SDEG Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.6.5 SDEG Recent Developments/Updates
2.7 Baofeng Energy
2.7.1 Baofeng Energy Details
2.7.2 Baofeng Energy Major Business
2.7.3 Baofeng Energy Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.7.4 Baofeng Energy Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.7.5 Baofeng Energy Recent Developments/Updates
2.8 Shanghai Huayi
2.8.1 Shanghai Huayi Details
2.8.2 Shanghai Huayi Major Business
2.8.3 Shanghai Huayi Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.8.4 Shanghai Huayi Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.8.5 Shanghai Huayi Recent Developments/Updates
2.9 Fund Energy
2.9.1 Fund Energy Details
2.9.2 Fund Energy Major Business
2.9.3 Fund Energy Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.9.4 Fund Energy Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.9.5 Fund Energy Recent Developments/Updates
2.10 ZPC
2.10.1 ZPC Details
2.10.2 ZPC Major Business
2.10.3 ZPC Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.10.4 ZPC Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.10.5 ZPC Recent Developments/Updates
2.11 Sinopec
2.11.1 Sinopec Details
2.11.2 Sinopec Major Business
2.11.3 Sinopec Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.11.4 Sinopec Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.11.5 Sinopec Recent Developments/Updates
2.12 Kaveh
2.12.1 Kaveh Details
2.12.2 Kaveh Major Business
2.12.3 Kaveh Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.12.4 Kaveh Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.12.5 Kaveh Recent Developments/Updates
2.13 Petronas
2.13.1 Petronas Details
2.13.2 Petronas Major Business
2.13.3 Petronas Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.13.4 Petronas Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.13.5 Petronas Recent Developments/Updates
2.14 OCI
2.14.1 OCI Details
2.14.2 OCI Major Business
2.14.3 OCI Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.14.4 OCI Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.14.5 OCI Recent Developments/Updates
2.15 PCEC
2.15.1 PCEC Details
2.15.2 PCEC Major Business
2.15.3 PCEC Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.15.4 PCEC Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.15.5 PCEC Recent Developments/Updates
2.16 Jiutai Energy Group
2.16.1 Jiutai Energy Group Details
2.16.2 Jiutai Energy Group Major Business
2.16.3 Jiutai Energy Group Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.16.4 Jiutai Energy Group Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.16.5 Jiutai Energy Group Recent Developments/Updates
2.17 LyondellBasell
2.17.1 LyondellBasell Details
2.17.2 LyondellBasell Major Business
2.17.3 LyondellBasell Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.17.4 LyondellBasell Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.17.5 LyondellBasell Recent Developments/Updates
2.18 Koch
2.18.1 Koch Details
2.18.2 Koch Major Business
2.18.3 Koch Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.18.4 Koch Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.18.5 Koch Recent Developments/Updates
2.19 Sipchem
2.19.1 Sipchem Details
2.19.2 Sipchem Major Business
2.19.3 Sipchem Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.19.4 Sipchem Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.19.5 Sipchem Recent Developments/Updates
2.20 Guanghui Energy
2.20.1 Guanghui Energy Details
2.20.2 Guanghui Energy Major Business
2.20.3 Guanghui Energy Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.20.4 Guanghui Energy Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.20.5 Guanghui Energy Recent Developments/Updates
2.21 Metafrax
2.21.1 Metafrax Details
2.21.2 Metafrax Major Business
2.21.3 Metafrax Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.21.4 Metafrax Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.21.5 Metafrax Recent Developments/Updates
2.22 AMPCO
2.22.1 AMPCO Details
2.22.2 AMPCO Major Business
2.22.3 AMPCO Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.22.4 AMPCO Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.22.5 AMPCO Recent Developments/Updates
2.23 Gazprom
2.23.1 Gazprom Details
2.23.2 Gazprom Major Business
2.23.3 Gazprom Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.23.4 Gazprom Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.23.5 Gazprom Recent Developments/Updates
2.24 Equinor
2.24.1 Equinor Details
2.24.2 Equinor Major Business
2.24.3 Equinor Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.24.4 Equinor Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.24.5 Equinor Recent Developments/Updates
2.25 BMC
2.25.1 BMC Details
2.25.2 BMC Major Business
2.25.3 BMC Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.25.4 BMC Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.25.5 BMC Recent Developments/Updates
2.26 KMI
2.26.1 KMI Details
2.26.2 KMI Major Business
2.26.3 KMI Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.26.4 KMI Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.26.5 KMI Recent Developments/Updates
2.27 Celanese
2.27.1 Celanese Details
2.27.2 Celanese Major Business
2.27.3 Celanese Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.27.4 Celanese Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.27.5 Celanese Recent Developments/Updates
2.28 KPC
2.28.1 KPC Details
2.28.2 KPC Major Business
2.28.3 KPC Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.28.4 KPC Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.28.5 KPC Recent Developments/Updates
2.29 TotalEnergies
2.29.1 TotalEnergies Details
2.29.2 TotalEnergies Major Business
2.29.3 TotalEnergies Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.29.4 TotalEnergies Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.29.5 TotalEnergies Recent Developments/Updates
2.30 Chemanol
2.30.1 Chemanol Details
2.30.2 Chemanol Major Business
2.30.3 Chemanol Grey and Brown Methanol Product and Services
2.30.4 Chemanol Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.30.5 Chemanol Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Grey and Brown Methanol by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
3.2 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Revenue by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
3.3 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Average Price by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
3.4 Market Share Analysis (2023)
3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Grey and Brown Methanol by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2023
3.4.2 Top 3 Grey and Brown Methanol Manufacturer Market Share in 2023
3.4.3 Top 6 Grey and Brown Methanol Manufacturer Market Share in 2023
3.5 Grey and Brown Methanol Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
3.5.1 Grey and Brown Methanol Market: Region Footprint
3.5.2 Grey and Brown Methanol Market: Company Product Type Footprint
3.5.3 Grey and Brown Methanol Market: Company Product Application Footprint
3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
4.1 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Market Size by Region
4.1.1 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Region (2019-2030)
4.1.2 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value by Region (2019-2030)
4.1.3 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Average Price by Region (2019-2030)
4.2 North America Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value (2019-2030)
4.3 Europe Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value (2019-2030)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value (2019-2030)
4.5 South America Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value (2019-2030)
4.6 Middle East & Africa Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value (2019-2030)
5 Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Average Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Grey and Brown Methanol Average Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 North America
7.1 North America Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
7.2 North America Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
7.3 North America Grey and Brown Methanol Market Size by Country
7.3.1 North America Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
7.3.2 North America Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8 Europe
8.1 Europe Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
8.2 Europe Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
8.3 Europe Grey and Brown Methanol Market Size by Country
8.3.1 Europe Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
8.3.2 Europe Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
9 Asia-Pacific
9.1 Asia-Pacific Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
9.3 Asia-Pacific Grey and Brown Methanol Market Size by Region
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Region (2019-2030)
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value by Region (2019-2030)
9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
10 South America
10.1 South America Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
10.2 South America Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
10.3 South America Grey and Brown Methanol Market Size by Country
10.3.1 South America Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
10.3.2 South America Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
11 Middle East & Africa
11.1 Middle East & Africa Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
11.3 Middle East & Africa Grey and Brown Methanol Market Size by Country
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Grey and Brown Methanol Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Grey and Brown Methanol Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
12 Market Dynamics
12.1 Grey and Brown Methanol Market Drivers
12.2 Grey and Brown Methanol Market Restraints
12.3 Grey and Brown Methanol Trends Analysis
12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
13.1 Raw Material of Grey and Brown Methanol and Key Manufacturers
13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Grey and Brown Methanol
13.3 Grey and Brown Methanol Production Process
13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
14.1 Sales Channel
14.1.1 Direct to End-User
14.1.2 Distributors
14.2 Grey and Brown Methanol Typical Distributors
14.3 Grey and Brown Methanol Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
16.1 Methodology
16.2 Research Process and Data Source
16.3 Disclaimer
Methanex
Proman
Saudi Aramco
CHN Energy
China Coal Group
SDEG
Baofeng Energy
Shanghai Huayi
Fund Energy
ZPC
Sinopec
Kaveh
Petronas
OCI
PCEC
Jiutai Energy Group
LyondellBasell
Koch
Sipchem
Guanghui Energy
Metafrax
AMPCO
Gazprom
Equinor
BMC
KMI
Celanese
KPC
TotalEnergies
Chemanol
听
听
*If Applicable.
