The global Engineering Contracting market size was valued at US$ million in 2023. With growing demand in downstream market, the Engineering Contracting is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ million by 2030 with a CAGR of % during review period.
The research report highlights the growth potential of the global Engineering Contracting market. Engineering Contracting are expected to show stable growth in the future market. However, product differentiation, reducing costs, and supply chain optimization remain crucial for the widespread adoption of Engineering Contracting. Market players need to invest in research and development, forge strategic partnerships, and align their offerings with evolving consumer preferences to capitalize on the immense opportunities presented by the Engineering Contracting market.
Key Features:
The report on Engineering Contracting market reflects various aspects and provide valuable insights into the industry.
Market Size and Growth: The research report provide an overview of the current size and growth of the Engineering Contracting market. It may include historical data, market segmentation by Type (e.g., General Contracting, Subcontracting), and regional breakdowns.
Market Drivers and Challenges: The report can identify and analyse the factors driving the growth of the Engineering Contracting market, such as government regulations, environmental concerns, technological advancements, and changing consumer preferences. It can also highlight the challenges faced by the industry, including infrastructure limitations, range anxiety, and high upfront costs.
Competitive Landscape: The research report provides analysis of the competitive landscape within the Engineering Contracting market. It includes profiles of key players, their market share, strategies, and product offerings. The report can also highlight emerging players and their potential impact on the market.
Technological Developments: The research report can delve into the latest technological developments in the Engineering Contracting industry. This include advancements in Engineering Contracting technology, Engineering Contracting new entrants, Engineering Contracting new investment, and other innovations that are shaping the future of Engineering Contracting.
Downstream Procumbent Preference: The report can shed light on customer procumbent behaviour and adoption trends in the Engineering Contracting market. It includes factors influencing customer ' purchasing decisions, preferences for Engineering Contracting product.
Government Policies and Incentives: The research report analyse the impact of government policies and incentives on the Engineering Contracting market. This may include an assessment of regulatory frameworks, subsidies, tax incentives, and other measures aimed at promoting Engineering Contracting market. The report also evaluates the effectiveness of these policies in driving market growth.
Environmental Impact and Sustainability: The research report assess the environmental impact and sustainability aspects of the Engineering Contracting market.
Market Forecasts and Future Outlook: Based on the analysis conducted, the research report provide market forecasts and outlook for the Engineering Contracting industry. This includes projections of market size, growth rates, regional trends, and predictions on technological advancements and policy developments.
Recommendations and Opportunities: The report conclude with recommendations for industry stakeholders, policymakers, and investors. It highlights potential opportunities for market players to capitalize on emerging trends, overcome challenges, and contribute to the growth and development of the Engineering Contracting market.
Market Segmentation:
Engineering Contracting market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2019-2030, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of value.
Segmentation by type
General Contracting
Subcontracting
Segmentation by application
Infrastructure and Civil Engineering
Resource-based Engineering
Manufacturing Engineering
This report also splits the market by region:
Americas
United States
Canada
Mexico
Brazil
APAC
China
Japan
Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Turkey
GCC Countries
The below companies that are profiled have been selected based on inputs gathered from primary experts and analyzing the company's coverage, product portfolio, its market penetration.
ACTIVIDADES DE CONSTRUCCION Y SERVICIOS SA
HOCHTIEF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT
CHINA COMMUNICATIONS CONSTRUCTION GROUP LTD.
VINCI
STRABAG
BOUYGUES
POWER CONSTRUCTION CORP. OF CHINA
Skanska AB
CHINA STATE CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING CORP. LTD.
Ferrovial
TECHNIPFMC
Fluor Corp.
BECHTEL
CHINA RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION CORP. LTD.
Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd.
SALINI IMPREGILO SPA
CONSOLIDATED CONTRACTORS GROUP
CHINA RAILWAY GROUP LTD.
CHINA NATIONAL MACHINERY INDUSTRY CORP.
ROYAL BAM GROUP NV
Petrofac Ltd.
TECNICAS REUNIDAS
CHINA ENERGY ENGINEERING CORP.
GS ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION
LARSEN & TOUBRO LTD.
EIFFAGE
Samsung C&T
LENDLEASE CORP. LTD.
CHINA NATIONAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GROUP CORP.
OBAYASHI CORP.
Please Note - This is an on demand report and will be delivered in 2 business days (48 hours) post payment.
1 Scope of the Report
1.1 Market Introduction
1.2 Years Considered
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Market Research Methodology
1.5 Research Process and Data Source
1.6 Economic Indicators
1.7 Currency Considered
1.8 Market Estimation Caveats
2 Executive Summary
2.1 World Market Overview
2.1.1 Global Engineering Contracting Market Size 2019-2030
2.1.2 Engineering Contracting Market Size CAGR by Region 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
2.2 Engineering Contracting Segment by Type
2.2.1 General Contracting
2.2.2 Subcontracting
2.3 Engineering Contracting Market Size by Type
2.3.1 Engineering Contracting Market Size CAGR by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
2.3.2 Global Engineering Contracting Market Size Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
2.4 Engineering Contracting Segment by Application
2.4.1 Infrastructure and Civil Engineering
2.4.2 Resource-based Engineering
2.4.3 Manufacturing Engineering
2.5 Engineering Contracting Market Size by Application
2.5.1 Engineering Contracting Market Size CAGR by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
2.5.2 Global Engineering Contracting Market Size Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
3 Engineering Contracting Market Size by Player
3.1 Engineering Contracting Market Size Market Share by Players
3.1.1 Global Engineering Contracting Revenue by Players (2019-2024)
3.1.2 Global Engineering Contracting Revenue Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
3.2 Global Engineering Contracting Key Players Head office and Products Offered
3.3 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
3.3.1 Competition Landscape Analysis
3.3.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2022-2024)
3.4 New Products and Potential Entrants
3.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
4 Engineering Contracting by Regions
4.1 Engineering Contracting Market Size by Regions (2019-2024)
4.2 Americas Engineering Contracting Market Size Growth (2019-2024)
4.3 APAC Engineering Contracting Market Size Growth (2019-2024)
4.4 Europe Engineering Contracting Market Size Growth (2019-2024)
4.5 Middle East & Africa Engineering Contracting Market Size Growth (2019-2024)
5 Americas
5.1 Americas Engineering Contracting Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
5.2 Americas Engineering Contracting Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
5.3 Americas Engineering Contracting Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
5.4 United States
5.5 Canada
5.6 Mexico
5.7 Brazil
6 APAC
6.1 APAC Engineering Contracting Market Size by Region (2019-2024)
6.2 APAC Engineering Contracting Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
6.3 APAC Engineering Contracting Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
6.4 China
6.5 Japan
6.6 Korea
6.7 Southeast Asia
6.8 India
6.9 Australia
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Engineering Contracting by Country (2019-2024)
7.2 Europe Engineering Contracting Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
7.3 Europe Engineering Contracting Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
7.4 Germany
7.5 France
7.6 UK
7.7 Italy
7.8 Russia
8 Middle East & Africa
8.1 Middle East & Africa Engineering Contracting by Region (2019-2024)
8.2 Middle East & Africa Engineering Contracting Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
8.3 Middle East & Africa Engineering Contracting Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
8.4 Egypt
8.5 South Africa
8.6 Israel
8.7 Turkey
8.8 GCC Countries
9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends
9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities
9.2 Market Challenges & Risks
9.3 Industry Trends
10 Global Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.1 Global Engineering Contracting Forecast by Regions (2025-2030)
10.1.1 Global Engineering Contracting Forecast by Regions (2025-2030)
10.1.2 Americas Engineering Contracting Forecast
10.1.3 APAC Engineering Contracting Forecast
10.1.4 Europe Engineering Contracting Forecast
10.1.5 Middle East & Africa Engineering Contracting Forecast
10.2 Americas Engineering Contracting Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
10.2.1 United States Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.2.2 Canada Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.2.3 Mexico Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.2.4 Brazil Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.3 APAC Engineering Contracting Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
10.3.1 China Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.3.2 Japan Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.3.3 Korea Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.3.4 Southeast Asia Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.3.5 India Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.3.6 Australia Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.4 Europe Engineering Contracting Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
10.4.1 Germany Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.4.2 France Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.4.3 UK Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.4.4 Italy Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.4.5 Russia Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.5 Middle East & Africa Engineering Contracting Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
10.5.1 Egypt Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.5.2 South Africa Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.5.3 Israel Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.5.4 Turkey Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.5.5 GCC Countries Engineering Contracting Market Forecast
10.6 Global Engineering Contracting Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
10.7 Global Engineering Contracting Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
11 Key Players Analysis
11.1 ACTIVIDADES DE CONSTRUCCION Y SERVICIOS SA
11.1.1 ACTIVIDADES DE CONSTRUCCION Y SERVICIOS SA Company Information
11.1.2 ACTIVIDADES DE CONSTRUCCION Y SERVICIOS SA Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.1.3 ACTIVIDADES DE CONSTRUCCION Y SERVICIOS SA Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.1.4 ACTIVIDADES DE CONSTRUCCION Y SERVICIOS SA Main Business Overview
11.1.5 ACTIVIDADES DE CONSTRUCCION Y SERVICIOS SA Latest Developments
11.2 HOCHTIEF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT
11.2.1 HOCHTIEF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT Company Information
11.2.2 HOCHTIEF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.2.3 HOCHTIEF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.2.4 HOCHTIEF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT Main Business Overview
11.2.5 HOCHTIEF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT Latest Developments
11.3 CHINA COMMUNICATIONS CONSTRUCTION GROUP LTD.
11.3.1 CHINA COMMUNICATIONS CONSTRUCTION GROUP LTD. Company Information
11.3.2 CHINA COMMUNICATIONS CONSTRUCTION GROUP LTD. Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.3.3 CHINA COMMUNICATIONS CONSTRUCTION GROUP LTD. Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.3.4 CHINA COMMUNICATIONS CONSTRUCTION GROUP LTD. Main Business Overview
11.3.5 CHINA COMMUNICATIONS CONSTRUCTION GROUP LTD. Latest Developments
11.4 VINCI
11.4.1 VINCI Company Information
11.4.2 VINCI Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.4.3 VINCI Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.4.4 VINCI Main Business Overview
11.4.5 VINCI Latest Developments
11.5 STRABAG
11.5.1 STRABAG Company Information
11.5.2 STRABAG Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.5.3 STRABAG Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.5.4 STRABAG Main Business Overview
11.5.5 STRABAG Latest Developments
11.6 BOUYGUES
11.6.1 BOUYGUES Company Information
11.6.2 BOUYGUES Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.6.3 BOUYGUES Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.6.4 BOUYGUES Main Business Overview
11.6.5 BOUYGUES Latest Developments
11.7 POWER CONSTRUCTION CORP. OF CHINA
11.7.1 POWER CONSTRUCTION CORP. OF CHINA Company Information
11.7.2 POWER CONSTRUCTION CORP. OF CHINA Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.7.3 POWER CONSTRUCTION CORP. OF CHINA Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.7.4 POWER CONSTRUCTION CORP. OF CHINA Main Business Overview
11.7.5 POWER CONSTRUCTION CORP. OF CHINA Latest Developments
11.8 Skanska AB
11.8.1 Skanska AB Company Information
11.8.2 Skanska AB Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.8.3 Skanska AB Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.8.4 Skanska AB Main Business Overview
11.8.5 Skanska AB Latest Developments
11.9 CHINA STATE CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING CORP. LTD.
11.9.1 CHINA STATE CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING CORP. LTD. Company Information
11.9.2 CHINA STATE CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING CORP. LTD. Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.9.3 CHINA STATE CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING CORP. LTD. Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.9.4 CHINA STATE CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING CORP. LTD. Main Business Overview
11.9.5 CHINA STATE CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING CORP. LTD. Latest Developments
11.10 Ferrovial
11.10.1 Ferrovial Company Information
11.10.2 Ferrovial Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.10.3 Ferrovial Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.10.4 Ferrovial Main Business Overview
11.10.5 Ferrovial Latest Developments
11.11 TECHNIPFMC
11.11.1 TECHNIPFMC Company Information
11.11.2 TECHNIPFMC Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.11.3 TECHNIPFMC Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.11.4 TECHNIPFMC Main Business Overview
11.11.5 TECHNIPFMC Latest Developments
11.12 Fluor Corp.
11.12.1 Fluor Corp. Company Information
11.12.2 Fluor Corp. Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.12.3 Fluor Corp. Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.12.4 Fluor Corp. Main Business Overview
11.12.5 Fluor Corp. Latest Developments
11.13 BECHTEL
11.13.1 BECHTEL Company Information
11.13.2 BECHTEL Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.13.3 BECHTEL Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.13.4 BECHTEL Main Business Overview
11.13.5 BECHTEL Latest Developments
11.14 CHINA RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION CORP. LTD.
11.14.1 CHINA RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION CORP. LTD. Company Information
11.14.2 CHINA RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION CORP. LTD. Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.14.3 CHINA RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION CORP. LTD. Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.14.4 CHINA RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION CORP. LTD. Main Business Overview
11.14.5 CHINA RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION CORP. LTD. Latest Developments
11.15 Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd.
11.15.1 Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd. Company Information
11.15.2 Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd. Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.15.3 Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd. Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.15.4 Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd. Main Business Overview
11.15.5 Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd. Latest Developments
11.16 SALINI IMPREGILO SPA
11.16.1 SALINI IMPREGILO SPA Company Information
11.16.2 SALINI IMPREGILO SPA Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.16.3 SALINI IMPREGILO SPA Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.16.4 SALINI IMPREGILO SPA Main Business Overview
11.16.5 SALINI IMPREGILO SPA Latest Developments
11.17 CONSOLIDATED CONTRACTORS GROUP
11.17.1 CONSOLIDATED CONTRACTORS GROUP Company Information
11.17.2 CONSOLIDATED CONTRACTORS GROUP Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.17.3 CONSOLIDATED CONTRACTORS GROUP Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.17.4 CONSOLIDATED CONTRACTORS GROUP Main Business Overview
11.17.5 CONSOLIDATED CONTRACTORS GROUP Latest Developments
11.18 CHINA RAILWAY GROUP LTD.
11.18.1 CHINA RAILWAY GROUP LTD. Company Information
11.18.2 CHINA RAILWAY GROUP LTD. Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.18.3 CHINA RAILWAY GROUP LTD. Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.18.4 CHINA RAILWAY GROUP LTD. Main Business Overview
11.18.5 CHINA RAILWAY GROUP LTD. Latest Developments
11.19 CHINA NATIONAL MACHINERY INDUSTRY CORP.
11.19.1 CHINA NATIONAL MACHINERY INDUSTRY CORP. Company Information
11.19.2 CHINA NATIONAL MACHINERY INDUSTRY CORP. Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.19.3 CHINA NATIONAL MACHINERY INDUSTRY CORP. Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.19.4 CHINA NATIONAL MACHINERY INDUSTRY CORP. Main Business Overview
11.19.5 CHINA NATIONAL MACHINERY INDUSTRY CORP. Latest Developments
11.20 ROYAL BAM GROUP NV
11.20.1 ROYAL BAM GROUP NV Company Information
11.20.2 ROYAL BAM GROUP NV Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.20.3 ROYAL BAM GROUP NV Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.20.4 ROYAL BAM GROUP NV Main Business Overview
11.20.5 ROYAL BAM GROUP NV Latest Developments
11.21 Petrofac Ltd.
11.21.1 Petrofac Ltd. Company Information
11.21.2 Petrofac Ltd. Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.21.3 Petrofac Ltd. Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.21.4 Petrofac Ltd. Main Business Overview
11.21.5 Petrofac Ltd. Latest Developments
11.22 TECNICAS REUNIDAS
11.22.1 TECNICAS REUNIDAS Company Information
11.22.2 TECNICAS REUNIDAS Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.22.3 TECNICAS REUNIDAS Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.22.4 TECNICAS REUNIDAS Main Business Overview
11.22.5 TECNICAS REUNIDAS Latest Developments
11.23 CHINA ENERGY ENGINEERING CORP.
11.23.1 CHINA ENERGY ENGINEERING CORP. Company Information
11.23.2 CHINA ENERGY ENGINEERING CORP. Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.23.3 CHINA ENERGY ENGINEERING CORP. Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.23.4 CHINA ENERGY ENGINEERING CORP. Main Business Overview
11.23.5 CHINA ENERGY ENGINEERING CORP. Latest Developments
11.24 GS ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION
11.24.1 GS ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION Company Information
11.24.2 GS ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.24.3 GS ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.24.4 GS ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION Main Business Overview
11.24.5 GS ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION Latest Developments
11.25 LARSEN & TOUBRO LTD.
11.25.1 LARSEN & TOUBRO LTD. Company Information
11.25.2 LARSEN & TOUBRO LTD. Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.25.3 LARSEN & TOUBRO LTD. Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.25.4 LARSEN & TOUBRO LTD. Main Business Overview
11.25.5 LARSEN & TOUBRO LTD. Latest Developments
11.26 EIFFAGE
11.26.1 EIFFAGE Company Information
11.26.2 EIFFAGE Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.26.3 EIFFAGE Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.26.4 EIFFAGE Main Business Overview
11.26.5 EIFFAGE Latest Developments
11.27 Samsung C&T
11.27.1 Samsung C&T Company Information
11.27.2 Samsung C&T Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.27.3 Samsung C&T Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.27.4 Samsung C&T Main Business Overview
11.27.5 Samsung C&T Latest Developments
11.28 LENDLEASE CORP. LTD.
11.28.1 LENDLEASE CORP. LTD. Company Information
11.28.2 LENDLEASE CORP. LTD. Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.28.3 LENDLEASE CORP. LTD. Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.28.4 LENDLEASE CORP. LTD. Main Business Overview
11.28.5 LENDLEASE CORP. LTD. Latest Developments
11.29 CHINA NATIONAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GROUP CORP.
11.29.1 CHINA NATIONAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GROUP CORP. Company Information
11.29.2 CHINA NATIONAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GROUP CORP. Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.29.3 CHINA NATIONAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GROUP CORP. Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.29.4 CHINA NATIONAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GROUP CORP. Main Business Overview
11.29.5 CHINA NATIONAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GROUP CORP. Latest Developments
11.30 OBAYASHI CORP.
11.30.1 OBAYASHI CORP. Company Information
11.30.2 OBAYASHI CORP. Engineering Contracting Product Offered
11.30.3 OBAYASHI CORP. Engineering Contracting Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
11.30.4 OBAYASHI CORP. Main Business Overview
11.30.5 OBAYASHI CORP. Latest Developments
12 Research Findings and Conclusion
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*If Applicable.
