Automobile engine valve is a valve typically used to control the timing and quantity of gas or fuel flow into or flow out of an engine. Both gasoline engine and diesel engine need the valve and it is usually made of special steel and alloy powder.
The global Automobile Engine Valve market is projected to grow from US$ 4338.4 million in 2024 to US$ 5031.2 million by 2030, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 2.5% during the forecast period.
Market competition is intense. Federal-Mogul, Eaton, Mahle and Fuji Oozx, etc. are the leaders of the industry, with about 65% market shares.
Europe region is the largest consumption place, with a consumption market share nearly 26%. Following Europe, China is the second largest consumption place with the consumption market share of 22%.
The classification of automobile engine valve includes gasoline engine valve and diesel engine valve, and the proportion of gasoline engine valve is about 79%.
Automobile engine valve is widely used for passenger vehicle and commercial vehicle. The most proportion of automobile engine valve is passenger vehicle, and the consumption proportion is about 74%.
In terms of production side, this report researches the Automobile Engine Valve production, growth rate, market share by manufacturers and by region (region level and country level), from 2019 to 2024, and forecast to 2030.
In terms of consumption side, this report focuses on the sales of Automobile Engine Valve by region (region level and country level), by company, by Type and by Application. from 2019 to 2024 and forecast to 2030.
Report Covers:
This report presents an overview of global market for Automobile Engine Valve, capacity, output, revenue and price. Analyses of the global market trends, with historic market revenue/sales data for 2019 - 2024, estimates for 2024, and projections of CAGR through 2030.
This report researches the key producers of Automobile Engine Valve, also provides the consumption of main regions and countries. Highlights of the upcoming market potential for Automobile Engine Valve, and key regions/countries of focus to forecast this market into various segments and sub-segments. Country specific data and market value analysis for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, Middle East, Africa, and Other Countries.
This report focuses on the Automobile Engine Valve sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking of main manufacturers, data from 2019 to 2024. Identification of the major stakeholders in the global Automobile Engine Valve market, and analysis of their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues. This report will help stakeholders to understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights and position their businesses and market strategies in a better way.
This report analyzes the segments data by Type and by Application, sales, revenue, and price, from 2019 to 2030. Evaluation and forecast the market size for Automobile Engine Valve sales, projected growth trends, production technology, application and end-user industry.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Federal-Mogul
Eaton
Mahle
Nittan
Fuji Oozx
Worldwide Auto
Asian
Rane
Dengyun Auto-parts
ShengChi
Xin Yue
Yangzhou Guanghui
Wode Valve
AnFu
JinQingLong
Tyen Machinery
Burg
SSV
Ferrea
Tongcheng
SINUS
Segment by Type
Gasoline Engine Valve
Diesel Engine Valve
Segment by Application
Passenger Vehicle
Commercial Vehicle
Production by Region
North America
Europe
Middle East & Africa
Japan
China
India
Sales by Region
US & Canada
U.S.
Canada
China
Asia (excluding China)
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
Israel
GCC Countries
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by Type and by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Automobile Engine Valve production/output of global and key producers (regions/countries). It provides a quantitative analysis of the production, and development potential of each producer in the next six years.
Chapter 3: Sales (consumption), revenue of Automobile Engine Valve in global, regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 4: Detailed analysis of Automobile Engine Valve manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 7: North America (US & Canada) by Type, by Application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 8: Europe by Type, by Application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 9: China by Type, and by Application, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 10: Asia (excluding China) by Type, by Application and by region, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 11: Middle East, Africa, Latin America by Type, by Application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 12: Provides profiles of key manufacturers, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product descriptions and specifications, Automobile Engine Valve sales, revenue, price, gross margin, and recent development, etc.
Chapter 13: Analysis of industrial chain, sales channel, key raw materials, distributors and customers.
Chapter 14: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 15: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Please Note - This is an on demand report and will be delivered in 2 business days (48 hours) post payment.
1 Study Coverage
1.1 Automobile Engine Valve Product Introduction
1.2 Market by Type
1.2.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Market Size by Type, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Gasoline Engine Valve
1.2.3 Diesel Engine Valve
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Market Size by Application, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Passenger Vehicle
1.3.3 Commercial Vehicle
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production
2.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Capacity (2019-2030)
2.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
2.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production by Region
2.3.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
2.3.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Forecasted Production by Region (2025-2030)
2.3.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
2.4 North America
2.5 Europe
2.6 Middle East & Africa
2.7 Japan
2.8 China
2.9 India
3 Executive Summary
3.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Revenue Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
3.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Region
3.2.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Region (2025-2030)
3.2.4 Global Automobile Engine Valve Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
3.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
3.4 Global Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Region
3.4.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Region (2025-2030)
3.4.4 Global Automobile Engine Valve Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
3.5 US & Canada
3.6 Europe
3.7 China
3.8 Asia (excluding China)
3.9 Middle East, Africa and Latin America
4 Competition by Manufactures
4.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Manufacturers
4.1.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
4.1.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
4.1.3 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Largest Manufacturers of Automobile Engine Valve in 2023
4.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Manufacturers
4.2.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
4.2.3 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Automobile Engine Valve Revenue in 2023
4.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Sales Price by Manufacturers
4.4 Global Key Players of Automobile Engine Valve, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
4.5 Analysis of Competitive Landscape
4.5.1 Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
4.5.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
4.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Automobile Engine Valve, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
4.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Automobile Engine Valve, Product Offered and Application
4.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Automobile Engine Valve, Date of Enter into This Industry
4.9 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
5 Market Size by Type
5.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Type
5.1.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Historical Sales by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Forecasted Sales by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Type
5.2.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Historical Revenue by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Forecasted Revenue by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Price by Type
5.3.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Price by Type (2019-2024)
5.3.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Price Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
6 Market Size by Application
6.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Application
6.1.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Historical Sales by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Forecasted Sales by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Application
6.2.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Historical Revenue by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Forecasted Revenue by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Price by Application
6.3.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Price by Application (2019-2024)
6.3.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Price Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
7 US & Canada
7.1 US & Canada Automobile Engine Valve Market Size by Type
7.1.1 US & Canada Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Type (2019-2030)
7.1.2 US & Canada Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
7.2 US & Canada Automobile Engine Valve Market Size by Application
7.2.1 US & Canada Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Application (2019-2030)
7.2.2 US & Canada Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
7.3 US & Canada Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Country
7.3.1 US & Canada Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
7.3.2 US & Canada Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Country (2019-2030)
7.3.3 US & Canada Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
7.3.4 U.S.
7.3.5 Canada
8 Europe
8.1 Europe Automobile Engine Valve Market Size by Type
8.1.1 Europe Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Type (2019-2030)
8.1.2 Europe Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
8.2 Europe Automobile Engine Valve Market Size by Application
8.2.1 Europe Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Application (2019-2030)
8.2.2 Europe Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
8.3 Europe Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Country
8.3.1 Europe Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
8.3.2 Europe Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Country (2019-2030)
8.3.3 Europe Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
8.3.4 Germany
8.3.5 France
8.3.6 U.K.
8.3.7 Italy
8.3.8 Russia
9 China
9.1 China Automobile Engine Valve Market Size by Type
9.1.1 China Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Type (2019-2030)
9.1.2 China Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
9.2 China Automobile Engine Valve Market Size by Application
9.2.1 China Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Application (2019-2030)
9.2.2 China Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10 Asia (excluding China)
10.1 Asia Automobile Engine Valve Market Size by Type
10.1.1 Asia Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Type (2019-2030)
10.1.2 Asia Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
10.2 Asia Automobile Engine Valve Market Size by Application
10.2.1 Asia Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Application (2019-2030)
10.2.2 Asia Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10.3 Asia Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Region
10.3.1 Asia Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
10.3.2 Asia Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Region (2019-2030)
10.3.3 Asia Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Region (2019-2030)
10.3.4 Japan
10.3.5 South Korea
10.3.6 China Taiwan
10.3.7 Southeast Asia
10.3.8 India
11 Middle East, Africa and Latin America
11.1 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Automobile Engine Valve Market Size by Type
11.1.1 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Type (2019-2030)
11.1.2 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
11.2 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Automobile Engine Valve Market Size by Application
11.2.1 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Application (2019-2030)
11.2.2 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
11.3 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Country
11.3.1 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
11.3.2 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Automobile Engine Valve Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
11.3.3 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Automobile Engine Valve Sales by Country (2019-2030)
11.3.4 Brazil
11.3.5 Mexico
11.3.6 Turkey
11.3.7 Israel
11.3.8 GCC Countries
12 Corporate Profiles
12.1 Federal-Mogul
12.1.1 Federal-Mogul Company Information
12.1.2 Federal-Mogul Overview
12.1.3 Federal-Mogul Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.1.4 Federal-Mogul Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.1.5 Federal-Mogul Recent Developments
12.2 Eaton
12.2.1 Eaton Company Information
12.2.2 Eaton Overview
12.2.3 Eaton Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.2.4 Eaton Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.2.5 Eaton Recent Developments
12.3 Mahle
12.3.1 Mahle Company Information
12.3.2 Mahle Overview
12.3.3 Mahle Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.3.4 Mahle Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.3.5 Mahle Recent Developments
12.4 Nittan
12.4.1 Nittan Company Information
12.4.2 Nittan Overview
12.4.3 Nittan Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.4.4 Nittan Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.4.5 Nittan Recent Developments
12.5 Fuji Oozx
12.5.1 Fuji Oozx Company Information
12.5.2 Fuji Oozx Overview
12.5.3 Fuji Oozx Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.5.4 Fuji Oozx Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.5.5 Fuji Oozx Recent Developments
12.6 Worldwide Auto
12.6.1 Worldwide Auto Company Information
12.6.2 Worldwide Auto Overview
12.6.3 Worldwide Auto Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.6.4 Worldwide Auto Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.6.5 Worldwide Auto Recent Developments
12.7 Asian
12.7.1 Asian Company Information
12.7.2 Asian Overview
12.7.3 Asian Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.7.4 Asian Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.7.5 Asian Recent Developments
12.8 Rane
12.8.1 Rane Company Information
12.8.2 Rane Overview
12.8.3 Rane Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.8.4 Rane Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.8.5 Rane Recent Developments
12.9 Dengyun Auto-parts
12.9.1 Dengyun Auto-parts Company Information
12.9.2 Dengyun Auto-parts Overview
12.9.3 Dengyun Auto-parts Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.9.4 Dengyun Auto-parts Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.9.5 Dengyun Auto-parts Recent Developments
12.10 ShengChi
12.10.1 ShengChi Company Information
12.10.2 ShengChi Overview
12.10.3 ShengChi Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.10.4 ShengChi Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.10.5 ShengChi Recent Developments
12.11 Xin Yue
12.11.1 Xin Yue Company Information
12.11.2 Xin Yue Overview
12.11.3 Xin Yue Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.11.4 Xin Yue Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.11.5 Xin Yue Recent Developments
12.12 Yangzhou Guanghui
12.12.1 Yangzhou Guanghui Company Information
12.12.2 Yangzhou Guanghui Overview
12.12.3 Yangzhou Guanghui Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.12.4 Yangzhou Guanghui Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.12.5 Yangzhou Guanghui Recent Developments
12.13 Wode Valve
12.13.1 Wode Valve Company Information
12.13.2 Wode Valve Overview
12.13.3 Wode Valve Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.13.4 Wode Valve Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.13.5 Wode Valve Recent Developments
12.14 AnFu
12.14.1 AnFu Company Information
12.14.2 AnFu Overview
12.14.3 AnFu Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.14.4 AnFu Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.14.5 AnFu Recent Developments
12.15 JinQingLong
12.15.1 JinQingLong Company Information
12.15.2 JinQingLong Overview
12.15.3 JinQingLong Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.15.4 JinQingLong Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.15.5 JinQingLong Recent Developments
12.16 Tyen Machinery
12.16.1 Tyen Machinery Company Information
12.16.2 Tyen Machinery Overview
12.16.3 Tyen Machinery Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.16.4 Tyen Machinery Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.16.5 Tyen Machinery Recent Developments
12.17 Burg
12.17.1 Burg Company Information
12.17.2 Burg Overview
12.17.3 Burg Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.17.4 Burg Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.17.5 Burg Recent Developments
12.18 SSV
12.18.1 SSV Company Information
12.18.2 SSV Overview
12.18.3 SSV Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.18.4 SSV Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.18.5 SSV Recent Developments
12.19 Ferrea
12.19.1 Ferrea Company Information
12.19.2 Ferrea Overview
12.19.3 Ferrea Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.19.4 Ferrea Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.19.5 Ferrea Recent Developments
12.20 Tongcheng
12.20.1 Tongcheng Company Information
12.20.2 Tongcheng Overview
12.20.3 Tongcheng Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.20.4 Tongcheng Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.20.5 Tongcheng Recent Developments
12.21 SINUS
12.21.1 SINUS Company Information
12.21.2 SINUS Overview
12.21.3 SINUS Automobile Engine Valve Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
12.21.4 SINUS Automobile Engine Valve Product Model Numbers, Pictures, Descriptions and Specifications
12.21.5 SINUS Recent Developments
13 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
13.1 Automobile Engine Valve Industry Chain Analysis
13.2 Automobile Engine Valve Key Raw Materials
13.2.1 Key Raw Materials
13.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
13.3 Automobile Engine Valve Production Mode & Process
13.4 Automobile Engine Valve Sales and Marketing
13.4.1 Automobile Engine Valve Sales Channels
13.4.2 Automobile Engine Valve Distributors
13.5 Automobile Engine Valve Customers
14 Automobile Engine Valve Market Dynamics
14.1 Automobile Engine Valve Industry Trends
14.2 Automobile Engine Valve Market Drivers
14.3 Automobile Engine Valve Market Challenges
14.4 Automobile Engine Valve Market Restraints
15 Key Finding in The Global Automobile Engine Valve Study
16 Appendix
16.1 Research Methodology
16.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.2 Data Source
16.2 Author Details
16.3 Disclaimer
Federal-Mogul
Eaton
Mahle
Nittan
Fuji Oozx
Worldwide Auto
Asian
Rane
Dengyun Auto-parts
ShengChi
Xin Yue
Yangzhou Guanghui
Wode Valve
AnFu
JinQingLong
Tyen Machinery
Burg
SSV
Ferrea
Tongcheng
SINUS
听
听
*If Applicable.
