

Lithium-ion battery testing equipment is a comprehensive testing system, which is mainly used for basic functional characteristic testing and protective performance testing of high-power battery packs, such as battery packs for electric bicycles, electric tools, gardening tools, and medical equipment.
The global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment market was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2024-2030.
China's policy on lithium-ion batteries mainly focuses on lithium-ion batteries. In 2015, in order to strengthen the management of lithium-ion battery industry and improve the development level of the industry, China formulated the Standard of Lithium-ion Battery Industry. the global sales of new energy vehicles reached 10.8 million units in 2022, with a year-on-year increase of 61.6%. In 2022, China new energy vehicle sales reached 6.8 million units, and the global share increased to 63.6%. In Q4 2022, sales penetration rate of China's new energy vehicle reached 27%, while the global average penetration rate was only 15%. Europe penetration was 19%, and North America penetration rate was only 6%. Lithium batteries will fully benefit from the high growth of downstream demand. According to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China's lithium-ion battery production reached 750 GWh in 2022, up more than 130 percent year on year. Among them, the output of lithium energy storage battery exceeded 100 GWh, and the total output value of the industry exceeded 1.2 trillion yuan. The industrial application of lithium battery was also growing rapidly. In 2022, the loading capacity of new energy vehicle power battery was about 295 GWh, and the new energy vehicle power battery was about 295 GWh. According to our research, in 2022, the overall global lithium-ion battery shipments were 957GWh, a year-on-year increase of 70%. Global vehicle power battery (EV LIB) shipments were 684GWh, a year-on-year increase of 84%; Energy storage battery (ESS LIB) shipments were 159.3GWh, a year-on-year increase of 140%.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment.
Report Scope
The Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of output/shipments (K Units) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided.
For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, production, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by Type, by Application, and by regions.
Market Segmentation
By Company
ZwickRoell
Weiss Technik
AVL List GmbH
Envisys Technologies
Megger
Landt instruments
Hioki
Gamry
Arbin Instruments
AA Portable Power
Semco Infratech
ACS
Battery Technology Source
Chroma
Xiamen Tmax Battery Equipments
Amade Instruments Technology
Guangdong Bell Experiment Equipment
Chen Tech
Xiamen Tob New Energy Technology
Neware
Wewon Environmental Chambers
Segment by Type
Portable
Desktop
Segment by Application
Automotive
Electrical Tools
Medical Instruments
Others
Production by Region
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Consumption by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Mexico
Brazil
Turkey
GCC Countries
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, by Type, by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment manufacturers competitive landscape, price, production and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Production/output, value of Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 4: Consumption of Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Please Note - This is an on demand report and will be delivered in 2 business days (48 hours) post payment.
1 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Portable
1.2.3 Desktop
1.3 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Automotive
1.3.3 Electrical Tools
1.3.4 Medical Instruments
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production by Region
3.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 China Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 Japan Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Consumption by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 United States
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Russia
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 ZwickRoell
7.1.1 ZwickRoell Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.1.2 ZwickRoell Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.1.3 ZwickRoell Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 ZwickRoell Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 ZwickRoell Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Weiss Technik
7.2.1 Weiss Technik Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.2.2 Weiss Technik Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Weiss Technik Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 Weiss Technik Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Weiss Technik Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 AVL List GmbH
7.3.1 AVL List GmbH Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.3.2 AVL List GmbH Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.3.3 AVL List GmbH Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 AVL List GmbH Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 AVL List GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Envisys Technologies
7.4.1 Envisys Technologies Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.4.2 Envisys Technologies Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Envisys Technologies Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 Envisys Technologies Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Envisys Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Megger
7.5.1 Megger Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.5.2 Megger Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Megger Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 Megger Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Megger Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Landt instruments
7.6.1 Landt instruments Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.6.2 Landt instruments Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Landt instruments Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 Landt instruments Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 Landt instruments Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Hioki
7.7.1 Hioki Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.7.2 Hioki Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Hioki Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.7.4 Hioki Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Hioki Recent Developments/Updates
7.8 Gamry
7.8.1 Gamry Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.8.2 Gamry Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.8.3 Gamry Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.8.4 Gamry Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Gamry Recent Developments/Updates
7.9 Arbin Instruments
7.9.1 Arbin Instruments Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.9.2 Arbin Instruments Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.9.3 Arbin Instruments Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.9.4 Arbin Instruments Main Business and Markets Served
7.9.5 Arbin Instruments Recent Developments/Updates
7.10 AA Portable Power
7.10.1 AA Portable Power Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.10.2 AA Portable Power Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.10.3 AA Portable Power Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.10.4 AA Portable Power Main Business and Markets Served
7.10.5 AA Portable Power Recent Developments/Updates
7.11 Semco Infratech
7.11.1 Semco Infratech Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.11.2 Semco Infratech Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.11.3 Semco Infratech Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.11.4 Semco Infratech Main Business and Markets Served
7.11.5 Semco Infratech Recent Developments/Updates
7.12 ACS
7.12.1 ACS Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.12.2 ACS Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.12.3 ACS Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.12.4 ACS Main Business and Markets Served
7.12.5 ACS Recent Developments/Updates
7.13 Battery Technology Source
7.13.1 Battery Technology Source Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.13.2 Battery Technology Source Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.13.3 Battery Technology Source Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.13.4 Battery Technology Source Main Business and Markets Served
7.13.5 Battery Technology Source Recent Developments/Updates
7.14 Chroma
7.14.1 Chroma Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.14.2 Chroma Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.14.3 Chroma Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.14.4 Chroma Main Business and Markets Served
7.14.5 Chroma Recent Developments/Updates
7.15 Xiamen Tmax Battery Equipments
7.15.1 Xiamen Tmax Battery Equipments Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.15.2 Xiamen Tmax Battery Equipments Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.15.3 Xiamen Tmax Battery Equipments Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.15.4 Xiamen Tmax Battery Equipments Main Business and Markets Served
7.15.5 Xiamen Tmax Battery Equipments Recent Developments/Updates
7.16 Amade Instruments Technology
7.16.1 Amade Instruments Technology Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.16.2 Amade Instruments Technology Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.16.3 Amade Instruments Technology Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.16.4 Amade Instruments Technology Main Business and Markets Served
7.16.5 Amade Instruments Technology Recent Developments/Updates
7.17 Guangdong Bell Experiment Equipment
7.17.1 Guangdong Bell Experiment Equipment Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.17.2 Guangdong Bell Experiment Equipment Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.17.3 Guangdong Bell Experiment Equipment Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.17.4 Guangdong Bell Experiment Equipment Main Business and Markets Served
7.17.5 Guangdong Bell Experiment Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
7.18 Chen Tech
7.18.1 Chen Tech Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.18.2 Chen Tech Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.18.3 Chen Tech Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.18.4 Chen Tech Main Business and Markets Served
7.18.5 Chen Tech Recent Developments/Updates
7.19 Xiamen Tob New Energy Technology
7.19.1 Xiamen Tob New Energy Technology Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.19.2 Xiamen Tob New Energy Technology Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.19.3 Xiamen Tob New Energy Technology Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.19.4 Xiamen Tob New Energy Technology Main Business and Markets Served
7.19.5 Xiamen Tob New Energy Technology Recent Developments/Updates
7.20 Neware
7.20.1 Neware Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.20.2 Neware Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.20.3 Neware Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.20.4 Neware Main Business and Markets Served
7.20.5 Neware Recent Developments/Updates
7.21 Wewon Environmental Chambers
7.21.1 Wewon Environmental Chambers Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Corporation Information
7.21.2 Wewon Environmental Chambers Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Product Portfolio
7.21.3 Wewon Environmental Chambers Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.21.4 Wewon Environmental Chambers Main Business and Markets Served
7.21.5 Wewon Environmental Chambers Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Production Mode & Process
8.4 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Sales Channels
8.4.2 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Distributors
8.5 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Customers
9 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Market Dynamics
9.1 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Industry Trends
9.2 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Market Drivers
9.3 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Market Challenges
9.4 Lithium-ion Battery Testing Equipment Market Restraints
10 Research Finding and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
ZwickRoell
Weiss Technik
AVL List GmbH
Envisys Technologies
Megger
Landt instruments
Hioki
Gamry
Arbin Instruments
AA Portable Power
Semco Infratech
ACS
Battery Technology Source
Chroma
Xiamen Tmax Battery Equipments
Amade Instruments Technology
Guangdong Bell Experiment Equipment
Chen Tech
Xiamen Tob New Energy Technology
Neware
Wewon Environmental Chambers
Ìý
Ìý
*If Applicable.